Annotated Bibliography
Primary Sources
California Department of Education. " Title IX Education Amendments of 1972." www.cde.ca.gov. January 4, 2011
The Education Amendments of 1972 delt with pregnant and parenting students. It also states that a school has to be getting state or federal financial assistance to be in compliance with Title IX. This is a primary source.
Bell, Richard. "History of Women in Sport Prior to Title IX" The Sport Journal. Spring 2007.
In the years before Title IX, women were given little opportunities to play on organized sports teams. They could join men's athletic clubs, but they were only allowed to participate in separate activities. This article tells about how women played sports before Title IX. This is a primary source.
"Fast Facts" www.nces.edu.gov. October 12, 2010.
Many people think that Title IX is only about athletics, but that is not true. These fast facts on Title IX explains the ten key areas of Title IX. This webpage is a primary source.
Hogshead- Maker, Nancy. "The Ongoing Battle Over Title IX- Athletic Arena- Commision on Opportunity.
Athletics Process Analyzed." USA Today. January 7, 2003.
In 2002, the National Wrestling Coaches Association sued th U.S. Department of Education for dropping men's teams in schools. The article talks about this case, and the response of the Dept. of Education. It helps understand the opposing view of Title IX. This article is a primary source.
"National Center for Education Statistics: Fast Facts" www.nces.gov. October 15, 2010.
Title IX is a law that contains 10 key areas, not just athletics. This government site gives statistics on almost every key area in Title IX. Also, it states what Title IX is, and what it was created to do. This source is a primary source.
Parker, John. "Big Man on Campus" The Florida Today Newspaper. 2003
This political cartoon depicts the way supporters of Title IX felt before the law was passed. This is a primary source.
"President George W. Bush" www.usgcrp.gov. February 14, 2010.
President Bush has made changes in Title IX during his time in office. Some would say he had weakend the law; Others say he has made the law more equal between men and women. This is a photograph of President Bush making a speech. This is a primary source.
"Richard M. Nixon" www.loc.gov. February 14, 2010
Richard Nixon passed Title IX into law in 1972. This is a photograph of him from the Library of Congress. It is a primary source.
Sander, Libby. "Education Department. Nixies Bush - Era. Policies on Title IX Compliance" Washington
Post. April 20, 2010.
There are many schools not in compliance with Title IX. Many schools feel that interest surveys are not providing sufficient enough information to keep giving them. This is a way schools are fighting Title IX. In this article, the reasons why interest surveys are being debated, the Obama Administrations involvement with Title IX, and what they are doing to strengthen the law. This article is a primary source.
"Vice President Joe Biden" www.usembassy.gov. August 23, 2010.
Joe Biden has made speeches about Title IX. He has said that the Obama Administration is going to strengthen the law. This photo was taken of Biden making a speech at the U.S. Embassy on August 23 of this year. This is a primary source.
"hat Does Title IX Mean to You, Nancy Hogshed-Makar?"Perf. Nancy Hogshed-Makar. YouTube-BroadcastYourself. 28 Sept. 2008. Web. 25 Oct. 2010
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaVIPq16Q31>
This is a Primary Source. It shows a first-hand account with Nancy Hogshed-Makar and how Title IX affected her. She says that without it then she would not have been able to participate in the Olympics.
"Western High School Girls's Basketball. Washington, D.C." www.loc.gov. Fall 1899.
Even though women were discriminated against in athletics, some still played. These women disregarded the fact that many people called them lesbians, and said they were unattractive. This is a photograph of a group of girls in Washington playing basketball. This is a primary source.
YouTube-Title IX, Women's Sports and Social Change- Donna Lopiano. Perf. Dona Lopiano.
youtTube-Broadcast Yourslef. 20 Aug. 2008. Web. 25 Oct. 2010.
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-CbrIIhAi8&feature=related>
Donna Limpiano, Former CEO of womens sports foundation, discusses the impact of Title IX on womens sports, and examines the ongoing nature of widespread social change. This is a primary source.
Secondary Sources
"American Cultural History - 1960 - 1969." LSC-Kingwood Library. Web. 20 Jan. 2011. <http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade60.html>.
This is a secondary source. It give us the historical surroundings of what was going on at the time title IX came around and it talked about the civil rights movement witch pushed the movement to have title IX passed
Bruce, Mary. "Biden Announces Change to Controversial Title IX Loophole" www.abcnews.com
April 20, 2010.
Joe Biden, Vice President under Obama, annouced on April 20th of this year that the Obama Administration would be making Title IX stronger. The policy created by the Bush Administration, a survey for schools, has weakened Title IX. This article from ABC News, reports on the survey, and what the Obama Administration feels Title IX is important to women. This is a secondary source.
Duke Sports Information. "Nancy Hogshead-Makar" www.goduke.com. January 2011
This photograph of Nancy Hogshead-Makar, shows why she is a leading advocate for Title IX. This is a secondary source.
Grant, Christine. "About Title IX" bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu. February 23, 2006.
Because of Title IX, many opportunities have been created for women. This webpage recalls the amount of women recieving medical and law degress in 1972. It also tells how the numbers have increased for the amount of women recieving medical and law degrees. This is a secondary source.
Keefe, Mike. "Title IX's Fault" www.mikekeefeintoon.com. January 2003.
Many men's sports teams have been cut because of Title IX. This polictical cartoon shows how a men's team, such as tennis, has been cut from schools. This is a secondary source.
Kilpatrick, Jeff. "2007-2008 Women's Volleyball Review" www.twu.ca. December 9, 2010.
The people who oppose Title IX argue that many women are not interested in sports. This photograph of three volleyball players cheering after making a point, shows that women are interested in sports. This is a secondary source.
Maroussis, George. "How Equal Is Too Equal? Unlocking the Mystery Behing Title IX"
www.garfieldmessenger.com. November 15, 2010.
Title IX's goal is to make equal opportunities for men and women. This political cartoon shows the balance between their funding. This is a secondary source.
Nakkash, Emily. "Title IX is Toothless" news.medill.northwestern.edu. December 11, 2007.
Title IX has been debated over constantly. This polictical cartoon shows the dispute between people and the Supreme Court. This is a secondary source.
Nelson, Mariah Burton. " And Now They Tell Us Women Don't Really Like Sports" www.msmagazine.com
Winter 2002.
Mariah Nelson was a student athlete at Stanford in 1974. She talks about how the Athletic Director would not do his job in enforcing Title IX. She also tells about how her team had little funding and a very small, crampted gym. This is a secondary source.
The Oyez Project. "Grove City v. Bell" www.oyez.org. January 4, 2011.
There are many court cases surrounding Title IX. Grove City v. Bell was one that separated what schools did not have to comply with Title IX. This webpage is a secondary source.
Stewart, Michael. "Mariah Burton Nelson" www.mariahburtonnelson.com. January 4, 2011
Mariah Burton Nelson is a woman who was affected by Title IX. She has done everything in her power to get support for Title IX. This is a
"Title IX Q& A -womens sports foundation." Home -Women's Sports Foundation. 26 May 2005.
Web. 25 Otc.2010. <http://www.womenssportsfounda.org/Content/Articles/Issues/>.
This is a secondary source. gives different questions about title IX. Women's Sports Foundation Chief Executive Officer Donna Lopiano answers different commonly asked questions about Title IX. This site is a good way to start gathering basic information.
Erickson, Jan. "regulations Undermine Title IX Equal Education and Sports Access. " The National Organization for Women (NOW) Web site .web. 25 Oct 2010. <http://www.nog.org/nntnwinter-2007/titleix.html
This is a secondary source. The artical talks about the changes that the Bush Administration changed Title IX. the org. NOW is fighting the new laws and how they want the changed. There are a lot of controversial arguments involving Title IX
California Department of Education. " Title IX Education Amendments of 1972." www.cde.ca.gov. January 4, 2011
The Education Amendments of 1972 delt with pregnant and parenting students. It also states that a school has to be getting state or federal financial assistance to be in compliance with Title IX. This is a primary source.
Bell, Richard. "History of Women in Sport Prior to Title IX" The Sport Journal. Spring 2007.
In the years before Title IX, women were given little opportunities to play on organized sports teams. They could join men's athletic clubs, but they were only allowed to participate in separate activities. This article tells about how women played sports before Title IX. This is a primary source.
"Fast Facts" www.nces.edu.gov. October 12, 2010.
Many people think that Title IX is only about athletics, but that is not true. These fast facts on Title IX explains the ten key areas of Title IX. This webpage is a primary source.
Hogshead- Maker, Nancy. "The Ongoing Battle Over Title IX- Athletic Arena- Commision on Opportunity.
Athletics Process Analyzed." USA Today. January 7, 2003.
In 2002, the National Wrestling Coaches Association sued th U.S. Department of Education for dropping men's teams in schools. The article talks about this case, and the response of the Dept. of Education. It helps understand the opposing view of Title IX. This article is a primary source.
"National Center for Education Statistics: Fast Facts" www.nces.gov. October 15, 2010.
Title IX is a law that contains 10 key areas, not just athletics. This government site gives statistics on almost every key area in Title IX. Also, it states what Title IX is, and what it was created to do. This source is a primary source.
Parker, John. "Big Man on Campus" The Florida Today Newspaper. 2003
This political cartoon depicts the way supporters of Title IX felt before the law was passed. This is a primary source.
"President George W. Bush" www.usgcrp.gov. February 14, 2010.
President Bush has made changes in Title IX during his time in office. Some would say he had weakend the law; Others say he has made the law more equal between men and women. This is a photograph of President Bush making a speech. This is a primary source.
"Richard M. Nixon" www.loc.gov. February 14, 2010
Richard Nixon passed Title IX into law in 1972. This is a photograph of him from the Library of Congress. It is a primary source.
Sander, Libby. "Education Department. Nixies Bush - Era. Policies on Title IX Compliance" Washington
Post. April 20, 2010.
There are many schools not in compliance with Title IX. Many schools feel that interest surveys are not providing sufficient enough information to keep giving them. This is a way schools are fighting Title IX. In this article, the reasons why interest surveys are being debated, the Obama Administrations involvement with Title IX, and what they are doing to strengthen the law. This article is a primary source.
"Vice President Joe Biden" www.usembassy.gov. August 23, 2010.
Joe Biden has made speeches about Title IX. He has said that the Obama Administration is going to strengthen the law. This photo was taken of Biden making a speech at the U.S. Embassy on August 23 of this year. This is a primary source.
"hat Does Title IX Mean to You, Nancy Hogshed-Makar?"Perf. Nancy Hogshed-Makar. YouTube-BroadcastYourself. 28 Sept. 2008. Web. 25 Oct. 2010
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gaVIPq16Q31>
This is a Primary Source. It shows a first-hand account with Nancy Hogshed-Makar and how Title IX affected her. She says that without it then she would not have been able to participate in the Olympics.
"Western High School Girls's Basketball. Washington, D.C." www.loc.gov. Fall 1899.
Even though women were discriminated against in athletics, some still played. These women disregarded the fact that many people called them lesbians, and said they were unattractive. This is a photograph of a group of girls in Washington playing basketball. This is a primary source.
YouTube-Title IX, Women's Sports and Social Change- Donna Lopiano. Perf. Dona Lopiano.
youtTube-Broadcast Yourslef. 20 Aug. 2008. Web. 25 Oct. 2010.
<http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y-CbrIIhAi8&feature=related>
Donna Limpiano, Former CEO of womens sports foundation, discusses the impact of Title IX on womens sports, and examines the ongoing nature of widespread social change. This is a primary source.
Secondary Sources
"American Cultural History - 1960 - 1969." LSC-Kingwood Library. Web. 20 Jan. 2011. <http://kclibrary.lonestar.edu/decade60.html>.
This is a secondary source. It give us the historical surroundings of what was going on at the time title IX came around and it talked about the civil rights movement witch pushed the movement to have title IX passed
Bruce, Mary. "Biden Announces Change to Controversial Title IX Loophole" www.abcnews.com
April 20, 2010.
Joe Biden, Vice President under Obama, annouced on April 20th of this year that the Obama Administration would be making Title IX stronger. The policy created by the Bush Administration, a survey for schools, has weakened Title IX. This article from ABC News, reports on the survey, and what the Obama Administration feels Title IX is important to women. This is a secondary source.
Duke Sports Information. "Nancy Hogshead-Makar" www.goduke.com. January 2011
This photograph of Nancy Hogshead-Makar, shows why she is a leading advocate for Title IX. This is a secondary source.
Grant, Christine. "About Title IX" bailiwick.lib.uiowa.edu. February 23, 2006.
Because of Title IX, many opportunities have been created for women. This webpage recalls the amount of women recieving medical and law degress in 1972. It also tells how the numbers have increased for the amount of women recieving medical and law degrees. This is a secondary source.
Keefe, Mike. "Title IX's Fault" www.mikekeefeintoon.com. January 2003.
Many men's sports teams have been cut because of Title IX. This polictical cartoon shows how a men's team, such as tennis, has been cut from schools. This is a secondary source.
Kilpatrick, Jeff. "2007-2008 Women's Volleyball Review" www.twu.ca. December 9, 2010.
The people who oppose Title IX argue that many women are not interested in sports. This photograph of three volleyball players cheering after making a point, shows that women are interested in sports. This is a secondary source.
Maroussis, George. "How Equal Is Too Equal? Unlocking the Mystery Behing Title IX"
www.garfieldmessenger.com. November 15, 2010.
Title IX's goal is to make equal opportunities for men and women. This political cartoon shows the balance between their funding. This is a secondary source.
Nakkash, Emily. "Title IX is Toothless" news.medill.northwestern.edu. December 11, 2007.
Title IX has been debated over constantly. This polictical cartoon shows the dispute between people and the Supreme Court. This is a secondary source.
Nelson, Mariah Burton. " And Now They Tell Us Women Don't Really Like Sports" www.msmagazine.com
Winter 2002.
Mariah Nelson was a student athlete at Stanford in 1974. She talks about how the Athletic Director would not do his job in enforcing Title IX. She also tells about how her team had little funding and a very small, crampted gym. This is a secondary source.
The Oyez Project. "Grove City v. Bell" www.oyez.org. January 4, 2011.
There are many court cases surrounding Title IX. Grove City v. Bell was one that separated what schools did not have to comply with Title IX. This webpage is a secondary source.
Stewart, Michael. "Mariah Burton Nelson" www.mariahburtonnelson.com. January 4, 2011
Mariah Burton Nelson is a woman who was affected by Title IX. She has done everything in her power to get support for Title IX. This is a
"Title IX Q& A -womens sports foundation." Home -Women's Sports Foundation. 26 May 2005.
Web. 25 Otc.2010. <http://www.womenssportsfounda.org/Content/Articles/Issues/>.
This is a secondary source. gives different questions about title IX. Women's Sports Foundation Chief Executive Officer Donna Lopiano answers different commonly asked questions about Title IX. This site is a good way to start gathering basic information.
Erickson, Jan. "regulations Undermine Title IX Equal Education and Sports Access. " The National Organization for Women (NOW) Web site .web. 25 Oct 2010. <http://www.nog.org/nntnwinter-2007/titleix.html
This is a secondary source. The artical talks about the changes that the Bush Administration changed Title IX. the org. NOW is fighting the new laws and how they want the changed. There are a lot of controversial arguments involving Title IX