Grove City v. Bell
Grove City College is a private, coeducational liberal arts school, that refuses to receive federal financial assistance. The College enrolled a large number of students who received Basic Educational Opportunity Grants through a Department of Education program. The DOE concluded that this assistance to students qualified the College as a recipient of federal assistance and made it subject to the nondiscrimination requirements of Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972. When the College did not comply with the DOE, their actions were challenged. This court case removed the applicability of Title IX in athletics programs by stating that only those programs or activities which receive direct Federal financial assistance be held under the Title IX.
National Wrestling Coaches Association v. U.S. Dept. of Education
In 2002, the National Wrestling Coaches Association sued the U.S. Department of Education. The Association made a claim that there was no problem with the school's budget, and there was no reason to drop the team. The Association felt that the athletic policies administered by Title IX were to be declared illegal due to the discrimination against men. As a result, the Commission on Opportunity in Athletics was created. This Commission's mission was to weaken Title IX.
Cohen v. Brown University
Brown University, in Rhode Island, announced plans to eliminate two men's sports - water polo and golf - and two women's sports - gymnastics and volleyball. The school was doing this in order to cut costs. Women's sports had only just reached the numbers comparable to men's sports. Therefore, the female athletes felt that it was unfair to cut women's sports and men's sports equally. A group of female athletes from each of the sports being cut, along with Amy Cohen, sued the school. They claimed that by cutting support for women's teams, the school was violating Title IX. The District Court in Providence ruled in favor of the athletes, and ordered the sports to be reinstated into the school's athletic program.
Pederson v. Louisianna State College
In 2000, female students at Louisiana State University sued their school for refusing to offer them athletic participation opportunities equal to those it offers its male students. The female students wanted LSU to add fast pitch softball and soccer. The college argued that there was not enough interest and ability to add the teams. The court ruled that it was stereotypical and paternalistic of the school. Also the court pointed to evidence that clearly showed the sexism that female students and athletes faced at LSU. For example, the athletic director referred to one of the plaintiffs as "honey," "sweetie," and "cutie," and said he favored adding soccer, "a more feminine sport," because female soccer players "would look cute running around in their soccer shorts." The court held that LSU discriminated against its female students in violation of Title IX, and the University added the two women's teams.